New York City’s Local Law 97 imposes escalating carbon penalties on large buildings starting in 2025, with fines reaching $268/ton of CO₂ above thresholds. For pre-war multifamily buildings with aging 40-amp panels, the path to heat pump electrification requires electrical service upgrades estimated at $15,000–$30,000 per unit — costs that make ROI calculations negative for most owners.
Fault Managed Power (Class 4) wiring can deliver sufficient power for heat pumps and other HVAC loads through existing building pathways — abandoned risers, conduit, and low-voltage chases — without requiring panel replacement or utility service upgrades, cutting the electrical barrier by up to 95%.